Hello! So I can use copy $c := $test modify (for $each in $c/descendant::html:ins return replace node $each with $each/node()) return $c to unwrap all the html ins elements in some test HTML. If I try to do this using update (because I am under the perhaps mistaken impression that update can do the same things copy/modify/return can) $test update {replace node descendant::html:ins with 'CABBAGE'} works fine; the various ins elements are found and replaced. But if I want to replace that particular ins element with its children, there doesn't seem to be a way to specify the children; the context item is the value of $test, not whatever descendant ins element is being replaced. How could this be written using update? Can this be written using update? thanks! -- Graydon Saunders | graydonish@fastmail.com Þæs oferéode, ðisses swá mæg. -- Deor ("That passed, so may this.")